如《澳门威尼斯人网上赌场》所示
Written by Connor Callais, 澳门威尼斯人网上赌场 Specialist for Hubbard-Hall
磷酸盐浴变得更加复杂. Understanding some of the key features of these baths and how they can influence finished coating is important. 给外行人, the daily operation of a phosphate bath can appear daunting — perhaps even a bit convoluted. While temperature and concentration are common parameters for most chemical applications, zinc and manganese phosphate baths have added complexity acid points, 酸比率, 溶解的铁, 油泥, 热源及其他.
The phosphate coating that develops in these applications is the result of several cyclical competing reactions that occur within the solution and on the surface of the part. Temperature is a key driving force in enabling this reaction to occur, 所以这些浴池的温度才会这么高. 通常, a phosphate bath requires a temperature of more than 180°F; the specific operating temp depends on the co-metal and the specific product being used. Running the bath below temp can prevent the reaction from progressing correctly, 导致了一个粗糙的, 颗粒状涂层或根本没有反应. 但如果浴缸太热, 游离酸水平会上升, 可能会对贱金属造成不必要的攻击.
Achieving and maintaining these temperatures relies on an adequate and reliable heat source; however, 在这个场景中，并不是所有的都是平等创建的. One peculiarity of phosphate solutions is that they are sensitive to large temperature gradients, 并逐渐加热溶液为佳. 强烈的, 局部热源, 比如燃气燃烧不足的油箱, 破坏溶液的化学平衡. This leads to the bath’s parameters deviating from operating range and negatively influencing the coating. 一般, these baths are heated with immersion steam coils or plates, 哪一个 heat the solution over a larger surface area and disperse the heat throughout the solution. 其他 methods include tanks with an insulated jacket heating system that uniformly heats the tank’s surroundings. 大容量澳门威尼斯人网上赌场也可以使用直接, 用蒸汽加热浴缸, 哪一个, 与自动加药结合使用时, 能帮助补偿因拖出而造成的体积损失吗.
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of phosphate applications would be their total and free acid values. Many chemical applications require a certain concentration for standard operating procedures, 哪一个可以通过简单的滴定快速观察到. Phosphate solutions are primarily formulated with phosphoric acid and similarly made up with some prescribed initial concentration. This value is reflected in what is referred to as the “total acid” value or points — this does not necessarily directly translate into a percentage of concentration by volume. 总酸是通过滴定到中性pH值来测定的, 与酚酞配合使用, to measure all the contributing components to the solution’s acidity. Adjustments to the total acid value are made by the addition of stock product to the bath.
The “free acid” metric of the phosphate bath solution is what makes it unique. 这些化学物质以磷酸为基础, 哪个有一个独特的特征是三质子酸. 在本质上, 分子中有三个酸性质子(氢离子), 在溶液中, it exists to varying degrees in four separate states simultaneously. In phosphate applications, this value is the primary constituent to the overall reaction mechanism. 如果游离酸过低, the coating will fail to develop; if the free acid is too high, the solution is effectively too reactive and can attack or etch the base metal. The free acid value can be increased by heating the solution without processing work and can be decreased by adding a neutralizing agent to the bath.
The ratio between the values is another nuanced aspect of total and free acid. This is determined by dividing the total acid and free acid values. 当洗澡水刚准备好时, the ratio of these components is generally 6-to-1 total acid to free acid. 这些浴场是波动的动态系统. As these baths are used and begin to age, the acid values begin to deviate. While different products will curate specific target ranges for these values individually, the ratio between the values is also important as it suggests relative composition of the constituents, 与总浓度无关.
Last, iron concentration is another key component that is monitored in phosphate applications. These reactions can use either zinc or manganese as a co-metal in crystal development. In addition to these co-metals, iron is also fundamental in the formation of these crystals. The recommended iron concentration is specific to the product and application but can range anywhere from 0.0 to 0.4%. Iron levels also have a direct correlation with the resulting coating weight as they add mass to the crystals. 初次化妆时, 溶液中不会有铁溶解, 哪一个 is why the baths are often “broken in” with scrap metal or steel wool to dissolve into solution and increase the iron level. Some applications are designed to run iron-free and will use an oxidizing agent or an accelerator to precipitate out the excess iron to achieve low coating weights. Determining the iron level is done with a titration involving permanganate, 哪种是强还原剂.
Understanding the state of your bath and how to manipulate it is an important aspect of successfully operating these applications. Each of the aspects described has a resulting impact on the quality of the coating and serve as key indicators ahead of a successful application.
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Excerpt: 如《澳门威尼斯人网上赌场》所示
Written by Connor Callais, 澳门威尼斯人网上赌场 Specialist for Hubbard-Hall
磷酸盐浴变得更加复杂. Understanding some of the key features of these baths and how they can influence finished coating is important. 给外行人, the daily operation of a phosphate bath can appear daunting — perhaps even a bit convoluted. While temperature and concentration are common parameters for most chemical applications, zinc and manganese phosphate baths have added complexity acid points, 酸比率, 溶解的铁, 油泥, 热源及其他.
全文: 如《澳门威尼斯人网上赌场》所示
Written by Connor Callais, 澳门威尼斯人网上赌场 Specialist for Hubbard-Hall
磷酸盐浴变得更加复杂. Understanding some of the key features of these baths and how they can influence finished coating is important. 给外行人, the daily operation of a phosphate bath can appear daunting — perhaps even a bit convoluted. While temperature and concentration are common parameters for most chemical applications, zinc and manganese phosphate baths have added complexity acid points, 酸比率, 溶解的铁, 油泥, 热源及其他.
The phosphate coating that develops in these applications is the result of several cyclical competing reactions that occur within the solution and on the surface of the part. Temperature is a key driving force in enabling this reaction to occur, 所以这些浴池的温度才会这么高. 通常, a phosphate bath requires a temperature of more than 180°F; the specific operating temp depends on the co-metal and the specific product being used. Running the bath below temp can prevent the reaction from progressing correctly, 导致了一个粗糙的, 颗粒状涂层或根本没有反应. 但如果浴缸太热, 游离酸水平会上升, 可能会对贱金属造成不必要的攻击.
Achieving and maintaining these temperatures relies on an adequate and reliable heat source; however, 在这个场景中，并不是所有的都是平等创建的. One peculiarity of phosphate solutions is that they are sensitive to large temperature gradients, 并逐渐加热溶液为佳. 强烈的, 局部热源, 比如燃气燃烧不足的油箱, 破坏溶液的化学平衡. This leads to the bath’s parameters deviating from operating range and negatively influencing the coating. 一般, these baths are heated with immersion steam coils or plates, 哪一个 heat the solution over a larger surface area and disperse the heat throughout the solution. 其他 methods include tanks with an insulated jacket heating system that uniformly heats the tank’s surroundings. 大容量澳门威尼斯人网上赌场也可以使用直接, 用蒸汽加热浴缸, 哪一个, 与自动加药结合使用时, 能帮助补偿因拖出而造成的体积损失吗.
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of phosphate applications would be their total and free acid values. Many chemical applications require a certain concentration for standard operating procedures, 哪一个可以通过简单的滴定快速观察到. Phosphate solutions are primarily formulated with phosphoric acid and similarly made up with some prescribed initial concentration. This value is reflected in what is referred to as the “total acid” value or points — this does not necessarily directly translate into a percentage of concentration by volume. 总酸是通过滴定到中性pH值来测定的, 与酚酞配合使用, to measure all the contributing components to the solution’s acidity. Adjustments to the total acid value are made by the addition of stock product to the bath.
The “free acid” metric of the phosphate bath solution is what makes it unique. 这些化学物质以磷酸为基础, 哪个有一个独特的特征是三质子酸. 在本质上, 分子中有三个酸性质子(氢离子), 在溶液中, it exists to varying degrees in four separate states simultaneously. In phosphate applications, this value is the primary constituent to the overall reaction mechanism. 如果游离酸过低, the coating will fail to develop; if the free acid is too high, the solution is effectively too reactive and can attack or etch the base metal. The free acid value can be increased by heating the solution without processing work and can be decreased by adding a neutralizing agent to the bath.
The ratio between the values is another nuanced aspect of total and free acid. This is determined by dividing the total acid and free acid values. 当洗澡水刚准备好时, the ratio of these components is generally 6-to-1 total acid to free acid. 这些浴场是波动的动态系统. As these baths are used and begin to age, the acid values begin to deviate. While different products will curate specific target ranges for these values individually, the ratio between the values is also important as it suggests relative composition of the constituents, 与总浓度无关.
Last, iron concentration is another key component that is monitored in phosphate applications. These reactions can use either zinc or manganese as a co-metal in crystal development. In addition to these co-metals, iron is also fundamental in the formation of these crystals. The recommended iron concentration is specific to the product and application but can range anywhere from 0.0 to 0.4%. Iron levels also have a direct correlation with the resulting coating weight as they add mass to the crystals. 初次化妆时, 溶液中不会有铁溶解, 哪一个 is why the baths are often “broken in” with scrap metal or steel wool to dissolve into solution and increase the iron level. Some applications are designed to run iron-free and will use an oxidizing agent or an accelerator to precipitate out the excess iron to achieve low coating weights. Determining the iron level is done with a titration involving permanganate, 哪种是强还原剂.
Understanding the state of your bath and how to manipulate it is an important aspect of successfully operating these applications. Each of the aspects described has a resulting impact on the quality of the coating and serve as key indicators ahead of a successful application.
